Voltammetric DNA sensor for the DNA damage detection based on poly(Methylene blue) electrodeposited from deep eutectic solvent

Farida Kapralova; Aigerim Erlanova; Tatiana Krasnova; Rezeda Shamagsumova; Anna Porfireva

doi:10.15826/chimtech.9204

Voltammetric DNA sensor for the DNA damage detection based on poly(Methylene blue) electrodeposited from deep eutectic solvent

Farida Kapralova, Aigerim Erlanova, Tatiana Krasnova, Rezeda Shamagsumova, Anna Porfireva

Abstract

The features of Methylene blue electropolymerization from phosphate buffer and several deep eutectic solvents consisting of glucose and organic acid on the substrate of screen-printed carbon electrodes were studied. It was shown that the nature of the organic acid, which plays the role of hydrogen bond donor in deep eutectic solvent, affects the poly(Methylene blue) electropolymerization. The poly(Methylene blue) coating with the most prospective electrochemical characteristics was chosen for the DNA sensor assembly. The origin and molecular weight of DNA molecules had influence on the DNA sensor ability to discriminate the DNA damage from physical and chemical sources. The DNA sensor based on poly(Methylene blue) electrodeposited from the mixture of glucose and maleic acid and DNA from chicken erythrocytes was able to discriminate native, thermally denatured and chemically oxidized DNA. The DNA sensor based on poly(Methylene blue) and DNA from herring sperm was sensitive to the antioxidant addition. The sensors proposed can find the application in the medical investigations, food control, and environmental protection.

Keywords

DNA sensor; DNA damage; deep eutectic solvent; electropolymerization; poly(Methylene blue); antioxidant

Full Text:

PDF

References

Wang L, Shao Z, Wang X, Lu W, Sun H. Xenobiotic-induced liver injury: Molecular mechanisms and disease progression. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025;303:118854. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118854

Li Y, Piao Z, Ge X, Feng J, Sun D, Zhang J. Environmental pollutants and rectal cancer: The impact of water contamination. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025;294:118072. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118072

Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. NeuroToxicol. 2015;51:158–165. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.10.009

Teles RLP, Santos J. A systematic review on the occupational health impacts of ionising radiation exposure among healthcare professionals. J Radiol Prot. 2025;45:021002. doi:10.1088/1361-6498/added2

Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D, Chmurzyński L. The impact of environmental contamination on the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species – Consequences for plants and humans. Environ Int. 2018;119:133–151. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.019

Chandimali N, Bak SG, Park EH, Lim H-J, Won Y-S, Kim E-K, Park S-I, Lee SJ. Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: a review. Cell Death Discov. 2025;11:19. doi:10.1038/s41420-024-02278-8

Higashi Y. Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in vascular endothelial dysfunction-related disease. Antioxidants. 2022;11:1958. doi:10.3390/antiox11101958

Singh A, Kukreti R, Saso L, Kukreti S. Oxidative stress: a key modulator in neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules. 2019;24:1583. doi:10.3390/molecules24081583

Nakamura H, Takada K. Reactive oxygen species in cancer: Current findings and future directions. Cancer Sci. 2021;112(10):3945–3952. doi:10.1111/cas.15068

Tian T, Wang Z, Zhang J. Pathomechanisms of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease and potential antioxidant therapies. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:4535194. doi:10.1155/2017/4535194

Trotter M, Borst N, Thewes R, von Stetten F. Review: Electrochemical DNA sensing – Principles, commercial systems, and applications. Biosens Bioelectron. 2020;154:112069. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2020.112069

Diculescu VC, Paquim A-MC, Brett AMO. Electrochemical DNA sensors for detection of DNA damage. Sensors. 2005;5:377–393. doi:10.3390/s5060377

Kappo D, Stoikov DI, Stoikov DI. Voltammetric sensor based on electropolymerized poly(Neutral Red) and pillar[3]arene[2]hydroquinone ammonium derivative for dopamine and ascorbic acid determination. Chimica Techno Acta. 2025;12(1):12102. doi:10.15826/chimtech.2025.12.1.02

Naveen MH, Gurudatt NG, Shim Y-B. Applications of conducting polymer composites to electrochemical sensors: a review. Appl Mater Today. 2017;9:419–433. doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2017.09.001

Dalkiran B, Brett CMA. Polyphenazine and polytriphenylmethane redox polymer/nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review. Microchim Acta. 2021;188:178. doi:10.1007/s00604-021-04821-1

Karyakin AA, Karyakina EE, Schmidt H-L. Electropolymerized azines: a new group of electroactive polymers. Electroanal. 1999;11(3):149–155. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199903)11:3<149::AID-ELAN149>3.0.CO;2-G

Pfaffen V, Ortiz PI, Córdoba de Torresi SI, Torresi RM. On the pH dependence of electroactivity of poly(methylene blue) films. Electrochim Acta. 2010;55;1766–1771. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.10.062

Yogeswaran Y, Chen S. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with poly(methylene blue) composite film for the enhancement and separation of electroanalytical responses of catecholamine and ascorbic acid. Sens Actuators B. 2008:130:739–749. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2007.10.040

Damos FS, Luz RCS, Kubota LT. Study of poly(methylene blue) ultrathin films and its properties by electrochemical surface plasmon resonance. J Electroanal Chem. 2005;581: 231–240. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.04.021

DilginY, Dilgin DG, Dursun Z, Gokcel HI, Gligor D, Bayrak B, Ertek B. Photoelectrocatalytic determination of NADH in a flow injection system with electropolymerized methylene blue. Electrochim Acta. 2011;56:1138–1143. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.084

Barsan MM, Pinto EM, Brett CMA. Methylene blue and neutral red electropolymerisation on AuQCM and on modified AuQCM electrodes: an electrochemical and gravimetric study. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011;13:5462–5471.

Li G, Yan C, Cao B, Jiang J, Zhao W, Wang J, Mu T. Highly efficient I₂ capture by simple and low-cost deep eutectic solvents. Green Chem. 2016;18(8):2522–2527. doi:10.1039/C5GC02691A

Abbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK Ionic liquid analogues formed from hydrated metal salts. Chem Eur J. 2004;10(15):3769–3774. doi:10.1002/chem.200400127

Li Q, Jiang J, Li G, Zhao W, Zhao X, Mu T. The electrochemical stability of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Sci China Chem. 2016;59:571–577. doi:10.1007/s11426-016-5566-3

Hosu O, Barsan MM, Cristea C, Sandulescu R, Brett CMA. Nanostructured electropolymerized poly(methylene blue) films from deep eutectic solvents: Optimization and characterization. Electrochim Acta. 2017;232:285–295. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.142

Abad-Gil L, Procopio JR, Brett CMA. Binary and ternary deep eutectic solvent mixtures: Influence on methylene blue electropolymerization. Electrochem Commun. 2021;124:106967. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106967

Hosu O, Barsan MM, Cristea C, Sandulescu R, Brett CMA. Nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes and redox-active polymers synthesized in a deep eutectic solvent as a new electrochemical sensing platform. Microchim Acta. 2017:184:3919–3927. doi:10.1007/s00604-017-2420-z

Abad-Gil L, Brett CMA. Poly(methylene blue)-ternary deep eutectic solvent/Au nanoparticle modified electrodes as novel electrochemical sensors: Optimization, characterization and application. Electrochim Acta. 2022;434:141295. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141295

Atici T, Kamaç MB, Yilmaz M, Kabaca AY. Zinc oxide nanorod/polymethylene blue (deep eutectic solvent)/gold nanoparticles modified electrode for electrochemical determination of serotonin (5-HT). Electrochim Acta. 2023:458:142484. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142484

Podeh MRH, Bhattacharya SK, Qu M. Effects of nitrophenols on acetate utilizing methanogenic systems. Water Res. 1995;29(2):391–399. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)00193-B

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.9204

Copyright (c) 2025 Farida Kapralova, Aigerim Erlanova, Tatiana Krasnova, Rezeda Shamagsumova, Anna Porfireva

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Chimica Techno Acta, 2014–2025
eISSN 2411-1414
Copyright Notice

Username
Password
Remember me