Structural, dielectric, and energy storage properties of Na 0.375 Bi 0.375 Ca 0.25 TiO 3  perovskite ceramic prepared via hydrothermal method

Muhammad Ali Akbar; Restu Rahmi Tazkiya; Zulhadjri Zulhadjri; Yulia Eka Putri; Arniati Labanni; Tio Putra Wendari

doi:10.15826/chimtech.8936

Structural, dielectric, and energy storage properties of Na_0.375Bi_0.375Ca_0.25TiO₃ perovskite ceramic prepared via hydrothermal method

Muhammad Ali Akbar, Restu Rahmi Tazkiya, Zulhadjri Zulhadjri, Yulia Eka Putri, Arniati Labanni, Tio Putra Wendari

Abstract

Dielectric capacitors based on ferroelectric compounds continue to attract attention due to their high power density and fast charge-discharge capabilities. However, achieving high energy density and efficiency in lead-free systems remains challeng-ing due to issues related to phase purity and microstructural control. This study aims to develop, using a hydrothermal method, a single-phase perovskite Na0.375Bi0.375Ca0.25TiO3 (NBCT) ceramic as a potential lead-free dielectric material. The synthesis process was optimized by adjusting the NaOH concentration to con-trol phase formation. A 12 M NaOH concentration successfully suppresses the for-mation of secondary phases. XRD and Rietveld refinement confirmed a tetragonal P4mm structure with B-site cation displacement along the [001] c-axis. Raman spec-tra exhibited features characteristic of a pseudocubic perovskite, consistent with the XRD-based structural model. The optical band gap, as determined from UV–Vis spectroscopy, was 3.08 eV. SEM-EDS results showed cubic-like grains averaging 240.98 nm with uniform elemental distribution. Dielectric measurements demon-strated a diffuse phase transition with a maximum dielectric constant at –45 °C and a Curie–Weiss exponent γ = 1.78. Ferroelectric measurements displayed a maximum polarization (Pm) of 6.73 μC/cm² and a remnant polarization (Pr) of 0.75 μC/cm² under an applied electric field of 80 kV/cm. Notably, the recoverable energy density reaches (Wrec) 218.9 mJ/cm³ with an efficiency (ղ) of 70.29%. These findings suggest that NBCT ceramics offer significant promise for the future devel-opment of environmentally friendly, high-energy-density dielectric capacitors.

Keywords

perovskite; dielectric; ferroelectrics; hydrothermal method; energy storage

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.8936

Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ali Akbar, Restu Rahmi Tazkiya, Zulhadjri Zulhadjri, Yulia Eka Putri, Arniati Labanni, Tio Putra Wendari

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