Photocatalytic properties of lead-free Ba 0.95 Ca 0.05 Ti 0.92 Sn 0.08 O 3  (BCTS) powders synthesized via the solid-state reaction technique for tetracycline decolorization

Wistsarut Chongsatan; Manlika Sriondee; Punyanuch Thammaacheep; Pornnipa Nunocha; Duangdao Channei; Jutatip Namahoot; Tawat Suriwong; Theerachai Bongkarn

doi:10.15826/chimtech.8737

Photocatalytic properties of lead-free Ba_0.95Ca_0.05Ti_0.92Sn_0.08O₃ (BCTS) powders synthesized via the solid-state reaction technique for tetracycline decolorization

Wistsarut Chongsatan, Manlika Sriondee, Punyanuch Thammaacheep, Pornnipa Nunocha, Duangdao Channei, Jutatip Namahoot, Tawat Suriwong, Theerachai Bongkarn

Abstract

Ba0.95Ca0.05Ti0.92Sn0.08O3 (BCTS) powders were synthesized through the solid-state reaction technique and calcined at temperatures ranging from 950 °C to 1150 °C to examine the influence of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic efficacy in degrading tetracycline (TC). Structural studies showed the formation of secondary phases for the calcination temperatures between 950 °C and 1100 °C and the for-mation of a pure phase when calcined at 1150 °C. The sample calcined at 1000 °C exhibited the highest TC decolorization efficiency (87.37%) and rate constant (18.3∙10–3 min–¹), which can be attributed to optimal secondary phases, crystallinity, surface characteristics, and reduced electron–hole recombination. Scavenger tests identified hole (h+) and superoxide radical (•O2-) as the primary active species. The findings indicate that BCTS exhibits significant potential as an efficient photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.

Keywords

BCTS powders; photocatalytic; tetracycline; solid-state reaction technique

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.8737

Copyright (c) 2025 Wistsarut Chongsatan, Manlika Sriondee, Punyanuch Thammaacheep, Pornnipa Nunocha, Duangdao Channei, Jutatip Namahoot, Tawat Suriwong, Theerachai Bongkarn

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